崇明岛东部不同年代围垦区土壤有机质组成变化研究

在崇明岛东部不同年代围垦区选择4个典型部位的钻孔样品,应用热裂解气相色谱质谱联用技术（Py-GC-MS）,取得土壤有机质热裂解产物的类型与相对含量,从分子层面探究埋藏盐沼土壤有机质组成特征,研究土壤有机质稳定性随时间的变化规律.结果表明,自西向东4个钻孔的样品（CM2、CM4、CM5、CM6）中,分别检测到53、80、47、21种有机质热裂解产物,主要包括脂肪族化合物（烷烃、烯烃、脂肪酸等）、芳香族化合物（芳烃、多环芳烃等）、杂环化合物、酚类化合物、多糖、含氮化合物及含硫化合物.随着埋藏时间增加,由CM6、CM5、CM4至CM2样品,盐沼土壤有机质热裂解产物中脂肪族化合物、含氮化合物、酚类化合物等化学稳定性相对较高的组分增多,杂环化合物含量增加且多环芳烃/芳烃的含量比值升高,表明难降解物质逐渐累积,埋藏盐沼土壤有机质化学稳定性逐渐增强.     

沿海滩涂生态型围垦指标体系研究

随着近几年滩涂围垦工程的进行,为了协调围垦开发与生态环境保护之间的矛盾,生态型围垦的理念应运而生。本文对"生态型围垦"的内涵进行了深入辨析,提出了沿海滩涂生态型围垦概念模型,针对围垦工程规划前期、工程实施和运行管理3个阶段的特点,从管理、环境和生态3个方面提出相应指标,初步构架了生态型围垦指标体系,为沿海滩涂围垦的可持续及匡围区域生态环境管理提供技术支撑。     

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

上海滩涂春季鸻形目鸟类群落及围垦后生境选择

上海市位于长江口,拥有大量可开发的滩涂资源,但是由于不合理的开发方式,滩涂景观和生物群落发生改变。在2004年春季,鸻形目鸟类迁徙中转停留时,实地调查位于上海东部沿岸的10个调查点,研究滩涂生境指标与鸻形目鸟类群落关系。此次观察到的鸻形目鸟类有13种,优势种有尖尾滨鹬和黑腹滨鹬,而20年前的类似调查则观察到23种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬、细嘴滨鹬和红颈滨鹬。通过分析滩涂结构、植被分布与鸻形目鸟类群落之间的关系发现鸻形目鸟类对生境选择中,滩涂结构完整度、藨草带和光滩带的宽度、周边景观的多样性、人为干扰程度都是影响鸻形目鸟类栖息地选择的关键因子。最后,分析了鸻形目鸟类群落与栖息地景观的关系,并就如何改善围垦堤内的生态环境提出一些建议。     

粉煤灰复垦中锌、硒、锑的淋溶释放研究

粉煤灰用于土地复垦,可以改良土质,并提高粉煤灰的利用率,已成为粉煤灰主要利用途径之一。但是在自然降水的条件下,一些元素如锌、硒、锑等会从复垦土壤中被淋滤出,进而对环境造成危害。通过对粉煤灰复垦的土壤连续淋滤2,8,14 h,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对淋出液中的锌、硒、锑进行分析测定,实验结果表明,取样深度为10 cm时,随着离复垦土壤的距离增加,下游土壤中锌浓度一直减少,硒浓度先减少后增加,而锑浓度先增加后减少,与背景值相比,淋滤液中的锌和硒都有不同程度的富集。     

太湖饮用水源地蓝藻水华预警监测体系的构建

从预警机制的建立与分工、预警监测时间的确定、预警监测的启动、预警信息的发布、预警监测的终止、预警监测的工作流程等方面，建立了太湖引用水源地蓝藻水华预警监测体系。指出了政府必须在资金、物资、人才、技术等方面给予预警监测体系充足的保障，确保预警监测体系长期有效地运行。     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM SEDIMENT DETENTION POND DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: A design procedure to determine optimum size for a sediment detention pond is presented. The procedure is based on simulating the sediment removal efficiency of the pond in conjunction with temporal variations in rainfall and potential land use and/or management options. The simulation procedure is based on a combined probabilistic-deterministic modeling approach. The probabilistic model generates daily rainfall with hourly increments for a selected site. The deterministic model simulates sediment yield and concentration for drainage area (pond inflow) and sediment trapping efficiency of the pond. The sediment yield and concentration in pond effluent is estimated from the difference between sediment inflow to the pond and sediment trapped by the pond. As an example, the procedure is applied to determine optimum design for a sediment detention pond in a surface mined area using several pond design options and alternative mining operation/land reclamation strategies.     

洞庭湖滩地围垦及其对生态环境的影响

本文研究了建国以来洞庭湖区围垦利用方式及动态变化,分析了湖泊滩地浮涨,围垦利用与泥沙沉积的双重循环影响关系,在此基础上探讨了湖滩地围垦利用对生态环境的影响以及对湖滩地利用应采取的对策措施。     

MULTICOMPONENT GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELING USING HYDRUS-1D AND HP11

Abstract: The transport of reactive contaminants in the subsurface is generally affected by a large number of nonlinear and often interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes. Simulating these processes requires a comprehensive reactive transport code that couples the physical processes of water flow and advective-dispersive transport with a range of biogeochemical processes. Two recently developed coupled geochemical models that are both based on the HYDRUS-1D software package for variably saturated flow and transport are summarized in this paper. One model resulted from coupling HYDRUS-1D with the UNSATCHEM module. While restricted to major ion chemistry, this program enables quantitative predictions of such problems as analyzing the effects of salinity on plant growth and the amount of water and amendments required to reclaim salt-affected soil profiles. The second model, HPI, resulted from coupling HYDRUS-1D with the PHREEQC biogeochemical code. The latter program accounts for a wide range of instantaneous or kinetic chemical and biological reactions, including complexation, cation exchange, surface complexation, precipitation dissolution and/or redox reactions. The versatility of HP1 is illustrated in this paper by means of two examples: the leaching of toxic trace elements and the transport of the explosive TNT and its degradation products.     

日本污水处理及回收再利用实例分析

概述了日本污水处理度再利用的特点和经验；介绍了东京和福冈两个地区的回用实例；探讨了污水回用对回收水水质的关键要求。